This study explores the role of Human Resource Management (HRM) in strategic business management and its impact on developing a competitive advantage through human capital in Nigeria. The research employs a regression analysis to examine the relationship between HRM, strategic business management, and organizational performance in driving business success. The results show that human capital, strategic business management practices, and organizational performance are significant predictors of competitive advantage. Specifically, human capital was found to have the strongest influence, followed by organizational performance and strategic business management practices. The model explains 85% of the variation in the dependent variable, indicating a strong fit. Multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and autocorrelation were not significant concerns, and the residuals were normally distributed, validating the robustness of the model. The study provides practical implications for organizations in Nigeria to invest in HRM and strategic management to improve their competitive positioning. Furthermore, the findings suggest that policy interventions aimed at strengthening human capital and strategic management frameworks can contribute to organizational success and economic development in emerging economies.